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0 Tc 16.2001 0 0 16.2001 274.48 312.01 Tm
(= )Tj
0.012 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 282.62 312.01 Tm
(0, )Tj
0.0245 Tc 1.098 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0167 Tc -25.217 -1.072 Td
(the )Tj
0.0287 Tc 1.673 0 Td
(solution )Tj
0.0319 Tc 3.819 0 Td
(becomes )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 8.455 0 0 8 77.15 284.65 Tm
(dw\(L\) )Tj
0 Tc 8 0 0 8 210.6 284.65 Tm
(d)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
5.1 0 0 5.1 216.7 288.01 Tm
(2)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 8.2779 0 0 8 219.89 284.65 Tm
(w\(L\) )Tj
8.4063 0 0 7.8001 59.84 277.93 Tm
(9\(/\) )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
11.4081 0 0 7.8001 76.94 277.93 Tm
(--;;;-)Tj
0 Tc 9.3 0 0 9.3 103.53 277.93 Tm
(= )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 8.5972 0 0 7.8001 112.17 277.93 Tm
(2C)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 5.5001 0 0 5.5001 123.34 276.97 Tm
(2)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 8.5381 0 0 7.8001 127.02 277.93 Tm
(A'I'\(AL\); )Tj
8.8297 0 0 8.4 169.57 277.93 Tm
(M\(L\) )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0 Tc 9.3 0 0 9.3 192.09 277.93 Tm
(= )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
8.4 0 0 8.4 200.53 277.93 Tm
(D )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 18.6117 0 0 11.6 210.53 277.93 Tm
(d;2 )Tj
0 Tc 9.3 0 0 9.3 240.33 277.93 Tm
(= )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 9.1246 0 0 9 249.08 277.93 Tm
(4DC)Tj
0 Tc 5.5001 0 0 5.5001 266.61 276.73 Tm
(2)Tj
9 0 0 9 270.22 277.93 Tm
(A)Tj
5.5001 0 0 5.5001 275.25 281.76 Tm
(2)Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.6424 0 0 9 278.08 277.93 Tm
(f1>\(AL\) )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.0009 Tc 8.4 0 0 8.4 279.87 260.88 Tm
(\(41a,b\) )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0292 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 55.67 243.61 Tm
(where )Tj
-0.035 Tc 5.2276 0 0 9.6 83.5 243.61 Tm
( )Tj
0.0245 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 94.94 243.61 Tm
(and )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.3039 0 0 10.3 112.68 243.61 Tm
('I' )Tj
0.0216 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 124.7 243.61 Tm
(are )Tj
0.0269 Tc 1.661 0 Td
(dimensionless )Tj
0.0146 Tc 6.382 0 Td
(functions )Tj
0.0168 Tc 4.291 0 Td
(given )Tj
0.0216 Tc 2.679 0 Td
(as )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 7.3003 0 0 7.5001 104.79 225.84 Tm
(f1>\(x\) )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 15 0 0 15 125.92 225.84 Tm
(= )Tj
-0.0049 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 134.79 225.84 Tm
(cos )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 6 0 0 6 150.06 225.84 Tm
(X )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0082 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 157.83 225.84 Tm
(cosh )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 7.5001 0 0 7.5001 177.85 225.84 Tm
(x )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.141 0 Td
(-)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 7.9713 0 0 7.5001 196.82 225.84 Tm
(Q\(x\)sin )Tj
0 Tc 7.5001 0 0 7.5001 227.53 225.84 Tm
(x )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0022 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 235.31 225.84 Tm
(sinh )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 6 0 0 6 253.74 225.84 Tm
(X )Tj
0.0224 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 291.4 225.84 Tm
(\(42\) )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.7578 0 0 8 55.35 208.57 Tm
('I'\(x\) )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 13.9 0 0 13.9 77.21 208.57 Tm
(= )Tj
-0.0084 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 86.07 208.57 Tm
(Q\(x\)\(cos )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 6.3001 0 0 6.3001 122.05 208.57 Tm
(X )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0063 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 129.71 208.57 Tm
(sinh )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 8 0 0 8 148.33 208.57 Tm
(x )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.07 0 Td
(-)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0087 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 167.15 208.57 Tm
(sin )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 8 0 0 8 180.73 208.57 Tm
(x )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0003 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 188.55 208.57 Tm
(cosh )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 8.3157 0 0 8 208.57 208.57 Tm
(x\) )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0 Tc 10.8 0 0 10.8 65.82 191.76 Tm
(+ )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0079 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 75.99 191.76 Tm
(cos )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 6 0 0 6 91.5 191.76 Tm
(X )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0022 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 99.47 191.76 Tm
(sinh )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 6 0 0 6 118.14 191.76 Tm
(X )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
11.3 0 0 11.3 126.54 191.76 Tm
(+ )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0087 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 137.15 191.76 Tm
(sin )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 9 0 0 9 150.82 191.76 Tm
(x )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0088 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 158.31 191.76 Tm
(cosh )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 9 0 0 9 178.66 191.76 Tm
(x )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0355 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 55.43 174.97 Tm
(where )Tj
0.0048 Tc 9.1 0 0 9.1 291.49 191.53 Tm
(\(43\) )Tj
0.0079 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 417.75 782.88 Tm
(cos )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 1.654 0 Td
(x )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0022 Tc 0.818 0 Td
(sinh )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 1.99 0 Td
(x )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.871 0 Td
(-)Tj
-0.0087 Tc 1.096 0 Td
(sin )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 1.48 0 Td
(x )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0088 Tc 0.797 0 Td
(cosh )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 2.165 0 Td
(x )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.0482 Tc 7.5001 0 0 7.5001 389.32 774.73 Tm
(Q\(x\):::: )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0 Tc 7.424 0 Td
(. )Tj
8.8 0 0 8.8 451.99 774.73 Tm
[(h )-2595(. )-2860(h )]TJ
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0049 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 417.99 769.93 Tm
(cos )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 7.5001 0 0 7.5001 433.45 769.93 Tm
(x )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 9.3331 0 0 9.4 441.23 769.93 Tm
(sm )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 7.5001 0 0 7.5001 459.61 769.93 Tm
(x )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
10.8 0 0 10.8 468.3 769.93 Tm
(+ )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0173 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 478.43 769.93 Tm
(sm )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 7.5001 0 0 7.5001 492.01 769.93 Tm
(x )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0049 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 499.83 769.93 Tm
(cos )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 7.5001 0 0 7.5001 519.85 769.93 Tm
(x )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0439 Tc 8.5 0 0 8.5 567.02 776.65 Tm
(\(44\) )Tj
0.036 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 331.6 754.56 Tm
(The )Tj
0.0202 Tc 2.024 0 Td
(rotational )Tj
0.027 Tc 4.383 0 Td
(compliance )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0163 0 0 9.4 441.02 754.56 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0167 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 452.86 754.56 Tm
(the )Tj
0.0311 Tc 1.637 0 Td
(beam )Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.3682 0 0 9.4 493.6 754.56 Tm
(is )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 8.1015 0 0 8 416.74 738.97 Tm
(29\(L\) )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0222 Tc 9 0 0 9 455.42 738.97 Tm
('I'\(AL\) )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 9.1555 0 0 8 498.71 738.97 Tm
(O\(hL\) )Tj
0 Tc 8.4 0 0 8.4 389.54 727.44 Tm
(C)Tj
-0.035 Tc 5.8981 0 0 7.8001 395.45 731.05 Tm
(MM )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 13.9 0 0 13.9 408.17 727.44 Tm
(= )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 8.6117 0 0 8.4 417.25 727.44 Tm
(M\(L\) )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 14.8 0 0 14.8 440.56 727.44 Tm
(= )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.0102 Tc 8.4 0 0 8.4 449.34 727.44 Tm
(ADfI>\(AL\) )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 14.8 0 0 14.8 490.48 727.44 Tm
(= )Tj
0.05 Tc 19.5392 0 0 14.7 498.49 727.44 Tm
(-W )Tj
0.0439 Tc 8.5 0 0 8.5 567.02 732.73 Tm
(\(45\) )Tj
0 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 331.9 710.41 Tm
(A )Tj
0.0206 Tc 1.064 0 Td
(factor )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0163 0 0 9.4 368.54 710.41 Tm
(of )Tj
0 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 380.34 710.41 Tm
(2 )Tj
-0.0116 Tc 0.917 0 Td
(is )Tj
0.0263 Tc 1.047 0 Td
(introduced )Tj
0.028 Tc 4.912 0 Td
(because )Tj
0.0167 Tc 3.724 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0231 Tc 1.661 0 Td
(rotation )Tj
0.0315 Tc 3.693 0 Td
(at )Tj
0.0039 Tc 1.157 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0288 Tc 1.651 0 Td
(end )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0163 0 0 9.4 574.7 710.41 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0295 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 331.66 700.08 Tm
(the )Tj
0.0396 Tc 1.688 0 Td
(beam )Tj
0.0245 Tc 2.696 0 Td
(corresponds )Tj
0.0168 Tc 5.522 0 Td
(to )Tj
0.0291 Tc 1.244 0 Td
(one )Tj
0.0368 Tc 1.949 0 Td
(half )Tj
0.05 Tc 9.738 0 0 9.4 474.15 700.08 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0167 Tc 9.4 0 0 9.4 486.22 700.08 Tm
[(the )-172(total )]TJ
0.0231 Tc 4.01 0 Td
(rotation )Tj
0.0051 Tc 3.746 0 Td
(in )Tj
0.0167 Tc 1.232 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0348 Tc -25.463 -1.098 Td
(cracked )Tj
0.0213 Tc 3.651 0 Td
(cross )Tj
0.016 Tc 2.523 0 Td
(section. )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
-0.0017 Tc 9.8 0 0 9.8 331.68 670.8 Tm
(APPENDIX )Tj
-0.0132 Tc 5.367 0 Td
(III. )Tj
0.0031 Tc 2.13 0 Td
(REFERENCES )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0222 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 331.67 656.88 Tm
(Annaghani, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 8.0557 0 0 8.2 374.36 656.88 Tm
(J. )Tj
-0.0014 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 382.76 656.88 Tm
(M., )Tj
0.0049 Tc 1.785 0 Td
(Larsen, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.7176 0 0 8.2 425.21 656.88 Tm
(T. )Tj
-0.016 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 435.07 656.88 Tm
(J., )Tj
0.0011 Tc 1.284 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0122 Tc 1.835 0 Td
(Smith, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 7.9036 0 0 7.8001 485.83 656.88 Tm
[(L. )-44(L. )]TJ
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.005 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 506.54 656.88 Tm
(\(1987\). )Tj
0.0294 Tc 3.448 0 Td
("Temperature )Tj
0.0064 Tc -23.807 -1.112 Td
(response )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 8.2 371.2 647.76 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0089 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 380.56 647.76 Tm
(concrete )Tj
0.0318 Tc 3.757 0 Td
(pavements." )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.0175 Tc 5.627 0 Td
(Transp. )Tj
-0.0167 Tc 3.394 0 Td
(Res. )Tj
-0.0054 Tc 1.99 0 Td
(Rec. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0041 Tc 2.154 0 Td
(1121, )Tj
0.0059 Tc 2.543 0 Td
(Transp. )Tj
0.0035 Tc 3.37 0 Td
(Res. )Tj
0.0103 Tc -27.863 -1.083 Td
(Board, )Tj
0.002 Tc 3.104 0 Td
(Washington, )Tj
0.0038 Tc 5.501 0 Td
(D.C., )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.7844 0 0 8.2 430.75 638.88 Tm
(23-33. )Tj
9.0782 0 0 8.2 331.64 630 Tm
(Buant )Tj
-0.0282 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 358.05 630 Tm
(Z. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.305 0 0 8.2 368.37 630 Tm
(P. )Tj
0.005 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 377.42 630 Tm
(\(1986\). )Tj
0.0343 Tc 3.448 0 Td
("Mechanics )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 8.2 450.4 630 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0126 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 460.72 630 Tm
(distributed )Tj
0.0348 Tc 4.829 0 Td
(cracking." )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0.0011 Tc 4.884 0 Td
(Appl. )Tj
-0.0051 Tc 2.571 0 Td
(Mech. )Tj
0.0102 Tc -27.077 -1.083 Td
(Review, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0065 Tc 3.582 0 Td
(39, )Tj
-0.006 Tc 1.609 0 Td
(675 )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.8209 0 0 8.2 395.66 621.12 Tm
(-705 )Tj
0 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 413.83 621.12 Tm
(. )Tj
0.05 Tc 9.0782 0 0 8.2 331.64 612.24 Tm
(Buant )Tj
-0.0282 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 358.77 612.24 Tm
(Z. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 6.9874 0 0 8.2 370.05 612.24 Tm
(P. )Tj
0.0037 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 379.82 612.24 Tm
(\(1996a\). )Tj
0.0399 Tc 3.974 0 Td
("Analysis )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 8.2 450.88 612.24 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0129 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 461.99 612.24 Tm
(work-of-fracture )Tj
0.022 Tc 7.374 0 Td
(method )Tj
0.0074 Tc 3.562 0 Td
(for )Tj
0.0093 Tc 1.706 0 Td
(mea\255)Tj
0.0087 Tc -27.554 -1.082 Td
(suring )Tj
0.0053 Tc 2.901 0 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.0045 Tc 3.629 0 Td
(energy )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 8.2 419.2 603.37 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0346 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 429.52 603.37 Tm
(concrete." )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 6.7844 0 0 7.5001 468.9 603.37 Tm
(J. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.0139 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 478.38 603.37 Tm
(Engrg. )Tj
0.0045 Tc 3.194 0 Td
(Mech., )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0175 Tc 3.207 0 Td
(ASCE, )Tj
0.0039 Tc 3.362 0 Td
(122\(2\), )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3282 0 0 8.2 339.79 594.24 Tm
(138-144. )Tj
9.0782 0 0 8.2 331.64 585.37 Tm
(Buant )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.973 0 0 8.2 358.53 585.37 Tm
(Z. )Tj
6.9874 0 0 8.2 369.33 585.37 Tm
(P. )Tj
0.0081 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 378.86 585.37 Tm
(\(1996b\). )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3908 0 0 8.2 411.68 585.37 Tm
("Size )Tj
0.0178 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 434.79 585.37 Tm
(effect )Tj
0.009 Tc 2.811 0 Td
(aspects )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 8.2 485.68 585.37 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0182 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 496.78 585.37 Tm
(measurement )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 8.2 545.44 585.37 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0094 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 556.23 585.37 Tm
(fracture )Tj
0.0096 Tc -26.457 -1.083 Td
(characteristics )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 8.2 391.36 576.49 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0102 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 402.16 576.49 Tm
(quasibrittle )Tj
0.0291 Tc 5.129 0 Td
(material." )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.0007 Tc 4.811 0 Td
(Fracture )Tj
0.0202 Tc 4.055 0 Td
(mechanics )Tj
0.05 Tc 9.8154 0 0 8.2 556.72 576.49 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0076 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 567.3 576.49 Tm
(con\255)Tj
-0.0051 Tc -27.776 -1.083 Td
(crete )Tj
0.0003 Tc 2.557 0 Td
(structures, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.5372 0 0 8.2 401 567.61 Tm
(Vol. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0107 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 418.23 567.61 Tm
(3, )Tj
0.008 Tc 1.327 0 Td
(Aedificatio )Tj
0.0109 Tc 5.177 0 Td
(Publishers, )Tj
0.0089 Tc 5.123 0 Td
(Freiburg, )Tj
0.0081 Tc 4.355 0 Td
(Germany, )Tj
0.0483 Tc -25.517 -1.112 Td
(1749-1772. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.9846 0 0 8.2 331.64 549.61 Tm
(Buant )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.973 0 0 8.2 358.05 549.61 Tm
(Z. )Tj
7.665 0 0 8.2 368.37 549.61 Tm
(P., )Tj
0.0011 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 379.6 549.61 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0131 Tc 1.815 0 Td
(Cedolin, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 7.9036 0 0 7.8001 426.31 549.61 Tm
(L. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.005 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 436.94 549.61 Tm
(\(1991\). )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0.0107 Tc 3.377 0 Td
(Stability )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.1128 0 0 8.2 496 549.61 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0037 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 505.95 549.61 Tm
(structures: )Tj
-0.0005 Tc 4.846 0 Td
(elastic, )Tj
-0.0197 Tc 3.362 0 Td
(in\255)Tj
-0.0047 Tc -28.504 -1.112 Td
(elastic, )Tj
0.0095 Tc 3.222 0 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.0447 Tc 3.776 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0076 Tc 1.962 0 Td
(damage )Tj
0.0026 Tc 3.71 0 Td
(theories. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0181 Tc 3.983 0 Td
(Oxford )Tj
0.01 Tc 3.433 0 Td
(University )Tj
0.0111 Tc 4.738 0 Td
(Press, )Tj
0.0077 Tc 2.878 0 Td
(New )Tj
-0.0183 Tc -27.724 -1.143 Td
(York, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 8.0912 0 0 8.2 360.76 531.12 Tm
(N.Y. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.9846 0 0 8.2 331.64 522.49 Tm
(Buant )Tj
-0.0282 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 357.81 522.49 Tm
(Z. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.9122 0 0 8.2 368.13 522.49 Tm
(P., )Tj
0.0011 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 379.36 522.49 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0068 Tc 1.844 0 Td
(Oh, )Tj
-0.0164 Tc 1.878 0 Td
(B. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 8.0359 0 0 8.2 420.92 522.49 Tm
(H. )Tj
0.005 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 431.9 522.49 Tm
(\(1983\). )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3083 0 0 8.2 460.4 522.49 Tm
("Crack )Tj
0.0092 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 488.89 522.49 Tm
(band )Tj
0.0108 Tc 2.367 0 Td
(theory )Tj
-0.0072 Tc 3.035 0 Td
(for )Tj
0.0094 Tc 1.551 0 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 8.2 575.44 522.49 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0281 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 339.52 513.61 Tm
(concrete." )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.0281 Tc 4.733 0 Td
(Mat. )Tj
0.0447 Tc 2.237 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0043 Tc 1.937 0 Td
(Struct., )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0332 Tc 3.391 0 Td
(16, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3904 0 0 8.2 453.79 513.61 Tm
(155-177. )Tj
-0.0215 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 331.64 504.73 Tm
(BaZant )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.973 0 0 8.2 358.29 504.73 Tm
(Z. )Tj
7.665 0 0 8.2 369.09 504.73 Tm
(P., )Tj
0.0011 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 380.56 504.73 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0103 Tc 1.902 0 Td
(Ohtsubo, )Tj
-0.0243 Tc 4.161 0 Td
(H. )Tj
0.005 Tc 1.427 0 Td
(\(1977\). )Tj
0.0383 Tc 3.477 0 Td
("Stability )Tj
0.0145 Tc 4.574 0 Td
(conditions )Tj
0.0074 Tc 4.77 0 Td
(for )Tj
0.0068 Tc 1.622 0 Td
(propa\255)Tj
0.007 Tc -26.966 -1.083 Td
(gation )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 8.2 363.52 495.85 Tm
(of )Tj
0 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 373.84 495.85 Tm
(a )Tj
0.0061 Tc 0.873 0 Td
(system )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 8.2 407.44 495.85 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0089 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 418 495.85 Tm
(cracks )Tj
-0.0291 Tc 3.045 0 Td
(in )Tj
0 Tc 1.199 0 Td
(a )Tj
0.0091 Tc 0.86 0 Td
(brittle )Tj
0.0439 Tc 2.882 0 Td
(solid." )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.0124 Tc 3.362 0 Td
(Mech. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.3825 0 0 8.2 535.26 495.85 Tm
(Re.v. )Tj
0.0098 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 553.28 495.85 Tm
(Commu\255)Tj
0.0093 Tc -26.122 -1.112 Td
(nications, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0078 Tc 4.362 0 Td
(4\(5\), )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.4393 0 0 8.2 393.98 486.73 Tm
(353-366. )Tj
-0.0157 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 331.16 477.6 Tm
(BaZant )Tj
-0.0282 Tc 3.104 0 Td
(Z. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.665 0 0 8.2 365.97 477.6 Tm
(P., )Tj
0.0103 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 375.76 477.6 Tm
(Ohtsubo, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 8.4148 0 0 8.6 408.92 477.6 Tm
(H., )Tj
0.0011 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 421.12 477.6 Tm
(and )Tj
0.008 Tc 1.735 0 Td
(Aoh, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.7018 0 0 8 454.29 477.6 Tm
(K. )Tj
0.005 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 464.3 477.6 Tm
(\(1979\). )Tj
0.035 Tc 3.33 0 Td
("Stability )Tj
0.0157 Tc 4.37 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0131 Tc 1.738 0 Td
(post-critical )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0249 Tc 7.6 0 0 7.6 339.29 468.73 Tm
(growth )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 8.2 365.92 468.73 Tm
(of )Tj
0 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 375.76 468.73 Tm
(a )Tj
0.012 Tc 0.756 0 Td
(system )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 8.2 407.92 468.73 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0112 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 417.52 468.73 Tm
(cooling )Tj
0.0011 Tc 3.424 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0114 Tc 1.81 0 Td
(shrinkage )Tj
0.042 Tc 4.337 0 Td
(cracks." )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.0346 Tc 3.912 0 Td
(Int. )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 6.7844 0 0 7.5001 541.86 468.73 Tm
(J. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0.0047 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 550.63 468.73 Tm
(Fracture, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0332 Tc -25.682 -1.083 Td
(15, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.454 0 0 8.2 352.53 459.85 Tm
(443-456. )Tj
-0.0157 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 331.16 451.21 Tm
(BaZant )Tj
-0.0282 Tc 3.104 0 Td
(Z. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.665 0 0 8.2 366.21 451.21 Tm
(P., )Tj
0.0011 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 376.24 451.21 Tm
(and )Tj
-0.0046 Tc 1.761 0 Td
(Pfeiffer, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 6.6698 0 0 8.2 420.21 451.21 Tm
(P. )Tj
7.9898 0 0 8.2 428.15 451.21 Tm
(A. )Tj
0.0001 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 438.38 451.21 Tm
(\(1987\). )Tj
0.0299 Tc 3.33 0 Td
("Determination )Tj
0.0395 Tc 6.857 0 Td
(offracture )Tj
0.0162 Tc 4.535 0 Td
(energy )Tj
0.0093 Tc -26.839 -1.084 Td
(from )Tj
-0.0016 Tc 2.309 0 Td
(size )Tj
0.012 Tc 1.848 0 Td
(effect )Tj
0.0011 Tc 2.635 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0061 Tc 1.767 0 Td
(brittleness )Tj
0.0306 Tc 4.505 0 Td
(number." )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 8.3088 0 0 8.2 481.33 442.32 Tm
(ACI )Tj
-0.0281 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 497.37 442.32 Tm
(Mat. )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0.0077 Tc 7.4001 0 0 7.4001 514.97 442.32 Tm
(J., )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 8.455 0 0 8.2 525.69 442.32 Tm
(84\(6\),463-480. )Tj
0.0077 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 331.4 433.69 Tm
(Hillerborg, )Tj
-0.0296 Tc 4.921 0 Td
(A. )Tj
0.005 Tc 1.394 0 Td
(\(1985\). )Tj
0.0414 Tc 3.448 0 Td
("Results )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 8.2 444.64 433.69 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0065 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 455.26 433.69 Tm
(three )Tj
0.0147 Tc 2.48 0 Td
(comparative )Tj
0.0266 Tc 5.48 0 Td
(test )Tj
0.0127 Tc 1.89 0 Td
(series )Tj
0.022 Tc 2.726 0 Td
(for )Tj
0.025 Tc 1.582 0 Td
(de\255)Tj
0.0124 Tc -28.295 -1.112 Td
(termining )Tj
-0.0088 Tc 4.624 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0053 Tc 1.865 0 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.0104 Tc 3.834 0 Td
(energy )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 Tc 3.444 0 Td
(G)Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
5.1 0 0 5.1 457.38 422.65 Tm
(f )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 8.2 464.8 424.57 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0379 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 477.04 424.57 Tm
(concrete." )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 8.1605 0 0 8.2 518.97 424.57 Tm
(Mat. )Tj
0.0447 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 539.71 424.57 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0085 Tc 2.2 0 Td
(Struct., )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 8.3151 0 0 8.2 339.79 415.44 Tm
(18\(107\),407-413. )Tj
0.0019 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 331.4 406.08 Tm
(Hillerborg, )Tj
-0.0227 Tc 4.95 0 Td
(A., )Tj
0.0031 Tc 1.665 0 Td
(Modeer, )Tj
-0.0161 Tc 3.893 0 Td
(M., )Tj
0.0011 Tc 1.868 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0102 Tc 1.937 0 Td
(Petersson, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 6.9874 0 0 8.2 486.93 406.08 Tm
(P. )Tj
-0.0276 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 496.51 406.08 Tm
(E. )Tj
0.0098 Tc 1.34 0 Td
(\(1976\). )Tj
0.0399 Tc 3.565 0 Td
("Analysis )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 8.2 574.96 406.08 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0133 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 339.04 397.21 Tm
(crack )Tj
0.0027 Tc 2.691 0 Td
(formation )Tj
-0.0135 Tc 4.538 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0206 Tc 1.902 0 Td
(crack )Tj
0.0102 Tc 2.723 0 Td
(growth )Tj
-0.0291 Tc 3.395 0 Td
(in )Tj
0.0173 Tc 1.257 0 Td
(concrete )Tj
0.0047 Tc 3.991 0 Td
(by )Tj
0.007 Tc 1.518 0 Td
(means )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 8.2 544.96 397.21 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0053 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 555.99 397.21 Tm
(fracture )Tj
0.0115 Tc -26.45 -1.084 Td
(mechanics )Tj
0.0157 Tc 4.734 0 Td
(and )Tj
-0.0155 Tc 1.872 0 Td
(finite )Tj
0.0323 Tc 2.488 0 Td
(elements." )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0.018 Tc 5.026 0 Td
(Cement )Tj
0.03 Tc 3.526 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0052 Tc 1.977 0 Td
(Concrete )Tj
0.0055 Tc 4.154 0 Td
(Res., )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0063 Tc 2.38 0 Td
(6, )Tj
0.05 Tc 9.1912 0 0 8.2 563.18 388.32 Tm
(773-)Tj
-0.0093 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 339.27 379.44 Tm
(782. )Tj
0.0084 Tc -1.02 -1.082 Td
(Jenq. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 6.9703 0 0 8.2 351.35 370.57 Tm
(Y. )Tj
0.0161 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 360.81 370.57 Tm
(S., )Tj
0.0011 Tc 1.413 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0025 Tc 1.806 0 Td
(Shah, )Tj
-0.0105 Tc 2.605 0 Td
(S. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 6.9874 0 0 8.2 418.29 370.57 Tm
(P. )Tj
0.005 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 426.86 370.57 Tm
(\(1985\). )Tj
0.05 Tc 9.2531 0 0 8.2 454.62 370.57 Tm
("A )Tj
0.0273 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 467.74 370.57 Tm
(two )Tj
0.018 Tc 1.877 0 Td
(parameter )Tj
0.0094 Tc 4.437 0 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.0061 Tc 3.55 0 Td
(model )Tj
0.0074 Tc 2.86 0 Td
(for )Tj
0.0314 Tc -28.448 -1.113 Td
(concrete." )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 6.7844 0 0 7.4001 377.46 361.44 Tm
(J. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.0197 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 386.46 361.44 Tm
(Engrg. )Tj
-0.0014 Tc 3.135 0 Td
(Mech., )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0029 Tc 3.149 0 Td
(ASCE, )Tj
-0.0058 Tc 3.333 0 Td
(111\(4\), )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2232 0 0 8.2 492.68 361.44 Tm
(1227-1241. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
8.5543 0 0 8.2 330.54 352.32 Tm
(Li, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 6.9703 0 0 8.2 343.19 352.32 Tm
(Y. )Tj
0.0036 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 353.08 352.32 Tm
(N., )Tj
-0.0135 Tc 1.595 0 Td
(and )Tj
-0.0157 Tc 1.79 0 Td
(BaZant, )Tj
-0.0282 Tc 3.455 0 Td
(Z. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.305 0 0 8.2 419.01 352.32 Tm
(P. )Tj
0.0098 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 427.58 352.32 Tm
(\(1994\). )Tj
0.0292 Tc 3.418 0 Td
("Penetration )Tj
0.0136 Tc 5.627 0 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.0362 Tc 3.601 0 Td
(of )Tj
0.005 Tc 1.14 0 Td
(floating )Tj
0.0043 Tc 3.515 0 Td
(ice\255)Tj
0.0033 Tc -28.117 -1.083 Td
(plate: )Tj
-0.0031 Tc 2.715 0 Td
(2D )Tj
0.0102 Tc 1.665 0 Td
(analysis )Tj
0.0011 Tc 3.746 0 Td
(and )Tj
-0.0016 Tc 1.927 0 Td
(size )Tj
0.0358 Tc 1.965 0 Td
(effect." )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 6.7844 0 0 7.4001 467.46 343.44 Tm
(J. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.0197 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 477.18 343.44 Tm
(Engrg. )Tj
0.0045 Tc 3.223 0 Td
(Mech., )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0175 Tc 3.237 0 Td
(ASCE, )Tj
0.0088 Tc 3.362 0 Td
(120\(7\), )Tj
0.0483 Tc -26.605 -1.052 Td
(1481-1498. )Tj
0.0084 Tc -1.054 -1.112 Td
(Li, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 7.1603 0 0 7.3001 343.92 325.69 Tm
(Y. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.011 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 354.28 325.69 Tm
(N., )Tj
0.0067 Tc 1.629 0 Td
(Hong, )Tj
-0.0296 Tc 2.93 0 Td
(A. )Tj
0 Tc 1.372 0 Td
(P )Tj
-0.035 Tc 6.8914 0 0 8.2 406.9 325.69 Tm
(.\225 )Tj
0.0157 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 414.16 325.69 Tm
(and )Tj
-0.0157 Tc 1.878 0 Td
(BaZant, )Tj
-0.0282 Tc 3.513 0 Td
(Z. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 6.6698 0 0 8.2 469.17 325.69 Tm
(P. )Tj
0.005 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 478.22 325.69 Tm
(\(1995\). )Tj
0.0331 Tc 3.477 0 Td
("Initiation )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.9033 0 0 8.2 545.92 325.69 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0127 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 556.33 325.69 Tm
(parallel )Tj
0.0031 Tc -26.528 -1.083 Td
(cracks )Tj
-0.0137 Tc 3.044 0 Td
(on )Tj
-0.0088 Tc 1.471 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0065 Tc 1.715 0 Td
(surface )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 8.2 417.52 316.81 Tm
(of )Tj
-0.0246 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 428.32 316.81 Tm
(an )Tj
0.0077 Tc 1.404 0 Td
(elastic )Tj
0.0274 Tc 3.083 0 Td
(half-plane." )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.0248 Tc 5.572 0 Td
(Int. )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 7.1074 0 0 7.4001 525.53 316.81 Tm
(J. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0.001 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 535.75 316.81 Tm
(Fracture, )Tj
-0.0047 Tc 4.305 0 Td
(69, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 8.4393 0 0 8.2 338.78 308.16 Tm
(357-369. )Tj
0.0091 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 330.88 299.04 Tm
(Okamura, )Tj
-0.0054 Tc 4.395 0 Td
(H., )Tj
-0.0026 Tc 1.552 0 Td
(Watanabe, )Tj
0.0051 Tc 8 0 0 8 417.33 299.04 Tm
(K., )Tj
0.0011 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 430.24 299.04 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0032 Tc 1.757 0 Td
(Takano, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.7176 0 0 8.2 474.17 299.04 Tm
(T. )Tj
0.005 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 483.5 299.04 Tm
(\(1972\). )Tj
0.0341 Tc 3.389 0 Td
("Applications )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 8.2 562 299.04 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0058 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 571.42 299.04 Tm
(the )Tj
0.0111 Tc -28.398 -1.083 Td
(compliance )Tj
0.0174 Tc 5.093 0 Td
(concept )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.9356 0 0 8.2 409.86 290.16 Tm
(in )Tj
0.0053 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 419.19 290.16 Tm
(fracture )Tj
-0.0039 Tc 3.579 0 Td
(mechanics." )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.0163 Tc 5.688 0 Td
(Proc., )Tj
0.0111 Tc 2.813 0 Td
(6th )Tj
-0.0204 Tc 1.695 0 Td
(Nat. )Tj
-0.0064 Tc 2.127 0 Td
(Symp. )Tj
0.0152 Tc 2.861 0 Td
(on )Tj
-0.0007 Tc -28.549 -1.082 Td
(Fracture )Tj
-0.0072 Tc 4.041 0 Td
(Mech., )Tj
-0.0028 Tc 3.362 0 Td
(Progress )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.9445 0 0 8.2 433.58 281.29 Tm
(in )Tj
0.0001 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 444.31 281.29 Tm
(Flaw )Tj
0.002 Tc 2.605 0 Td
(Growth )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2958 0 0 8.2 494.83 281.29 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0035 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 512.23 281.29 Tm
(Fracture )Tj
0.0024 Tc 4.156 0 Td
(Toughness )Tj
-0.0137 Tc -25.317 -1.083 Td
(Testing, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0021 Tc 3.427 0 Td
(Spec. )Tj
-0.0159 Tc 2.498 0 Td
(Tech. )Tj
-0.0187 Tc 2.55 0 Td
(Pub!. )Tj
-0.0336 Tc 2.439 0 Td
(No. )Tj
0.0134 Tc 1.738 0 Td
(536, )Tj
-0.0228 Tc 2.09 0 Td
(Am. )Tj
0.0041 Tc 2.061 0 Td
(Soc. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 8.2 493.6 272.41 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0007 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 503 272.41 Tm
(Mech. )Tj
0.0071 Tc 2.838 0 Td
(Engrs. )Tj
0.0169 Tc 2.95 0 Td
(\(ASME\), )Tj
0.0077 Tc -25.827 -1.083 Td
(New )Tj
-0.0183 Tc 2.276 0 Td
(York, )Tj
-0.029 Tc 2.612 0 Td
(N.Y., )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.5152 0 0 8.2 398.61 263.53 Tm
(423-439. )Tj
0.0043 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 330.68 254.41 Tm
(Planas, )Tj
-0.016 Tc 3.365 0 Td
(J., )Tj
0.0011 Tc 1.343 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0076 Tc 1.877 0 Td
(Elices, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 8.1211 0 0 8.2 411.08 254.41 Tm
(M. )Tj
0.005 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 423.98 254.41 Tm
(\(1991\). )Tj
0.0387 Tc 3.506 0 Td
("Nonlinear )Tj
0.0053 Tc 5.159 0 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 8.2 524.8 254.41 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0179 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 535.36 254.41 Tm
(cohesive )Tj
-0.0133 Tc 4.076 0 Td
(ma\255)Tj
0.0266 Tc -28.068 -1.083 Td
(terials." )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.0248 Tc 3.729 0 Td
(Int. )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 7.1074 0 0 7.8001 383.45 245.53 Tm
(J. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.0026 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 392.71 245.53 Tm
(Fracture, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0079 Tc 4.193 0 Td
(51, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3904 0 0 8.2 440.83 245.53 Tm
(139-157. )Tj
0.0003 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 330.68 236.17 Tm
(Rice, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 8.0557 0 0 8.2 351.08 236.17 Tm
(J. )Tj
0 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 359.48 236.17 Tm
(R )Tj
-0.035 Tc 6.432 0 0 8.2 365.39 236.17 Tm
(.\225 )Tj
-0.0135 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 372.4 236.17 Tm
(and )Tj
-0.0093 Tc 1.82 0 Td
(Levy, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 8.1959 0 0 8.2 409.24 236.17 Tm
(N. )Tj
0.0001 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 420.62 236.17 Tm
(\(1972\). )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.4547 0 0 8.2 448.64 236.17 Tm
("The )Tj
0.0123 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 469.69 236.17 Tm
(part-through )Tj
0.0162 Tc 5.545 0 Td
(surface )Tj
0.0206 Tc 3.341 0 Td
(crack )Tj
0.0294 Tc 2.606 0 Td
(in )Tj
-0.0246 Tc 1.199 0 Td
(an )Tj
0.0077 Tc -28.713 -1.083 Td
(elastic )Tj
0.0417 Tc 2.968 0 Td
(plate." )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
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(Mech., )Tj
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(39, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3904 0 0 8.2 459.07 227.29 Tm
(185-194. )Tj
-0.0062 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 330.68 218.17 Tm
(Ruth, )Tj
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(B. )Tj
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(E., )Tj
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(Bloy, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
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(L. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
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(A. )Tj
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(K., )Tj
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(and )Tj
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(Avital, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.9898 0 0 8.2 478.07 218.17 Tm
(A. )Tj
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(A. )Tj
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(\(1982\). )Tj
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(cracking )Tj
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(at )Tj
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(low )Tj
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(temperature." )Tj
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(Asphalt )Tj
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(Paving )Tj
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(Technol. )Tj
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(Assoc. )Tj
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(Asphalt )Tj
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(Paving )Tj
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(Technologists, )Tj
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(Sessions\), )Tj
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(51,53-103. )Tj
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(Tada, )Tj
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(H., )Tj
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(Paris, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 6.9874 0 0 8.2 386.61 182.41 Tm
(P. )Tj
-0.0161 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 395.44 182.41 Tm
(C., )Tj
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(and )Tj
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(Irwin, )Tj
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(G. )Tj
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(R. )Tj
0.005 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 468.38 182.41 Tm
(\(1985\). )Tj
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(Stress )Tj
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(analysis )Tj
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(of )Tj
0.0198 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 559.14 182.41 Tm
(cracks )Tj
0.0048 Tc -26.924 -1.055 Td
(handbook. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0043 Tc 4.654 0 Td
(Del )Tj
0.0127 Tc 1.815 0 Td
(Research )Tj
0.0138 Tc 4.093 0 Td
(Corp., )Tj
-0.0016 Tc 2.961 0 Td
(HelJertown, )Tj
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(Pa. )Tj
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0.0331 Tc 7.6 0 0 7.6 346.02 62.16 Tm
(JOURNAL )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.6642 0 0 7.6 385.33 62.16 Tm
(OF )Tj
0.0246 Tc 7.6 0 0 7.6 399.42 62.16 Tm
(ENGINEERING )Tj
0.0298 Tc 7.645 0 Td
(MECHANICS )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 7.4001 0 0 7.4001 507.26 62.16 Tm
(f )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0345 Tc 7.6 0 0 7.6 512 62.16 Tm
(MARCH )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2865 0 0 7.6 543.81 62.16 Tm
(1997/275 )Tj
ET
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