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(lin\255)Tj
0.0307 Tc -22.476 -1.212 Td
(ear )Tj
0.0067 Tc 1.624 0 Td
(elastic )Tj
0.0281 Tc 2.982 0 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.0191 Tc 3.694 0 Td
(mechanics )Tj
0.0269 Tc 4.755 0 Td
(behavior. )Tj
-0.0343 Tc -12.037 -1.212 Td
(3. )Tj
0.0438 Tc 1.192 0 Td
(The )Tj
0.0455 Tc 2.179 0 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.0427 Tc 3.985 0 Td
(toughness, )Tj
0.0326 Tc 5.227 0 Td
(effective )Tj
0.037 Tc 4.27 0 Td
(length )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.8509 0 0 9.9 277.1 325.45 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0336 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 291.34 325.45 Tm
(the )Tj
0.0455 Tc -22.53 -1.164 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.0313 Tc 3.892 0 Td
(process )Tj
0.0384 Tc 3.605 0 Td
(zone, )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0265 0 0 9.9 170.3 313.93 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0326 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 190.21 313.93 Tm
(effective )Tj
0.0331 Tc 4.171 0 Td
(critical )Tj
0.0437 Tc 3.442 0 Td
(crack-tip )Tj
0.0243 Tc -19.952 -1.212 Td
(opening )Tj
0.0125 Tc 3.807 0 Td
(decrease )Tj
0.0155 Tc 3.984 0 Td
(with )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.021 0 0 9.9 167.66 301.93 Tm
(an )Tj
0.0129 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 182.08 301.93 Tm
(increase )Tj
0.0149 Tc 3.806 0 Td
(in )Tj
0.0336 Tc 1.218 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0236 Tc 1.745 0 Td
(time )Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.7344 0 0 9.9 272.38 301.93 Tm
(to )Tj
0.0289 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 284.42 301.93 Tm
(peak )Tj
0.0265 Tc -21.853 -1.188 Td
(load. )Tj
0.0139 Tc 2.473 0 Td
(These )Tj
0.0253 Tc 2.794 0 Td
(material )Tj
0.0316 Tc 3.821 0 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.0341 Tc 3.722 0 Td
(parameters )Tj
0.0009 Tc 5.039 0 Td
(were )Tj
0.0344 Tc 2.294 0 Td
(obtained )Tj
0.0356 Tc -20.137 -1.164 Td
(through )Tj
0.0094 Tc 3.733 0 Td
(the )Tj
-0.016 Tc 1.612 0 Td
(size )Tj
0.0247 Tc 1.845 0 Td
(effect )Tj
0.0415 Tc 2.773 0 Td
(method )Tj
0.0035 Tc 3.591 0 Td
(by )Tj
0.0173 Tc 1.372 0 Td
(quasi-elastic )Tj
0.0094 Tc 5.575 0 Td
(analysis )Tj
0.0155 Tc -20.498 -1.212 Td
(based )Tj
0.0386 Tc 2.753 0 Td
(on )Tj
0.0215 Tc 1.438 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0175 Tc 1.639 0 Td
(effective )Tj
0.033 Tc 4.033 0 Td
(modulus )Tj
0.0256 Tc 4.064 0 Td
(for )Tj
0.0162 Tc 1.649 0 Td
(creep. )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.2355 0 0 9.9 251.5 266.65 Tm
(An )Tj
0.0241 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 268.21 266.65 Tm
(explana\255)Tj
0.0323 Tc -20.233 -1.188 Td
(tion )Tj
0.0135 Tc 2.1 0 Td
(for )Tj
0.0215 Tc 1.633 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0125 Tc 1.69 0 Td
(decrease )Tj
-0.0093 Tc 3.953 0 Td
(in )Tj
0.0151 Tc 1.198 0 Td
(process )Tj
0.0214 Tc 3.508 0 Td
(zone )Tj
-0.0079 Tc 2.342 0 Td
(size )Tj
0.0244 Tc 1.927 0 Td
(might )Tj
0.0121 Tc 2.839 0 Td
(be )Tj
0.0336 Tc 1.355 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0224 Tc -22.52 -1.164 Td
(relaxation )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.5727 0 0 9.9 113.42 243.37 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0069 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 125.75 243.37 Tm
(high )Tj
0.004 Tc 2.169 0 Td
(stresses )Tj
0.0149 Tc 3.448 0 Td
(in )Tj
0.0215 Tc 1.145 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0316 Tc 1.664 0 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.0151 Tc 3.722 0 Td
(process )Tj
0.0202 Tc 3.435 0 Td
(zone. )Tj
-0.0074 Tc -20.411 -1.212 Td
(4. )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.4358 0 0 9.9 90.43 231.37 Tm
(For )Tj
0.0457 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 110.14 231.37 Tm
(the )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.1549 0 0 9.9 127.81 231.37 Tm
(fracture )Tj
0.0466 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 167.62 231.37 Tm
(specimen )Tj
0.0497 Tc 4.545 0 Td
(type )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.3398 0 0 9.9 235.57 231.37 Tm
(and )Tj
9.9915 0 0 9.9 255.82 231.37 Tm
(time )Tj
10.022 0 0 9.9 279.35 231.37 Tm
(range )Tj
10.0557 0 0 9.9 67.78 219.37 Tm
(studied, )Tj
10.0655 0 0 9.9 107.98 219.37 Tm
(there )Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.7585 0 0 9.9 134.8 219.37 Tm
(is )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.1331 0 0 9.9 146.02 219.37 Tm
(strong )Tj
10.2224 0 0 9.9 178.71 219.37 Tm
(load )Tj
10.102 0 0 9.9 203.03 219.37 Tm
(relaxation )Tj
10.1194 0 0 9.9 252.86 219.37 Tm
(at )Tj
10.2981 0 0 9.9 265.58 219.37 Tm
(constant )Tj
0.0419 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 67.58 207.61 Tm
(CMOD )Tj
-0.0093 Tc 3.517 0 Td
(in )Tj
0.0215 Tc 1.145 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0307 Tc 1.677 0 Td
(post-peak )Tj
0.0093 Tc 4.53 0 Td
(regime. )Tj
0.0317 Tc 3.532 0 Td
(The )Tj
0.0337 Tc 2.022 0 Td
(post-peak )Tj
0.0148 Tc 4.53 0 Td
(relaxa\255)Tj
0.0323 Tc -20.971 -1.212 Td
(tion )Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.3682 0 0 9.9 87.28 195.61 Tm
(is )Tj
0.0417 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 97.1 195.61 Tm
(about )Tj
-0.0075 Tc 2.812 0 Td
(1.7 )Tj
0.0053 Tc 1.584 0 Td
(times )Tj
0.031 Tc 2.582 0 Td
(stronger )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.0233 0 0 9.9 204.22 195.61 Tm
(than )Tj
9.9231 0 0 9.9 226.54 195.61 Tm
(that )Tj
10.5727 0 0 9.9 246.62 195.61 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0342 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 259.2 195.61 Tm
(unnotched )Tj
0.0245 Tc -19.36 -1.188 Td
(specimens. )Tj
0.0357 Tc 5.121 0 Td
(This )Tj
0.0391 Tc 2.345 0 Td
(significant )Tj
0.0415 Tc 5.047 0 Td
(difference )Tj
0.05 Tc 9.9144 0 0 9.9 239.74 183.85 Tm
(may )Tj
0.0121 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 262.33 183.85 Tm
(be )Tj
0.05 Tc 9.938 0 0 9.9 276.14 183.85 Tm
(attrib\255)Tj
0.0248 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 67.44 172.09 Tm
(uted )Tj
0.0496 Tc 2.131 0 Td
(to )Tj
-0.035 Tc 8.9183 0 0 9.9 100.97 172.09 Tm
(1\) )Tj
0.0315 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 111.26 172.09 Tm
(additional )Tj
0.01 Tc 4.655 0 Td
(creep )Tj
0.0149 Tc 2.547 0 Td
(in )Tj
0.0215 Tc 1.145 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0351 Tc 1.615 0 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.0151 Tc 3.722 0 Td
(process )Tj
0.0202 Tc 3.435 0 Td
(zone, )Tj
0.0355 Tc -21.557 -1.164 Td
(and )Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.5495 0 0 9.9 86.1 160.57 Tm
(2\) )Tj
0.0276 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 97.18 160.57 Tm
(time-dependent )Tj
0.0282 Tc 6.925 0 Td
(crack )Tj
0.0302 Tc 2.62 0 Td
(growth. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.8708 0 0 9.9 77.14 148.81 Tm
(5. )Tj
0.0196 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 88.48 148.81 Tm
(The )Tj
0.0298 Tc 2.036 0 Td
(load-relaxation )Tj
0.0109 Tc 6.907 0 Td
(curves )Tj
0.0416 Tc 3.111 0 Td
(tend )Tj
0.0496 Tc 2.279 0 Td
(to )Tj
0 Tc 1.301 0 Td
(a )Tj
0.0293 Tc 0.893 0 Td
(straight )Tj
0.0071 Tc 3.642 0 Td
(line )Tj
-0.0093 Tc -22.327 -1.189 Td
(in )Tj
0.0336 Tc 1.121 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0285 Tc 1.642 0 Td
(logarithm )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.5727 0 0 9.9 138.86 137.04 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0215 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 151.18 137.04 Tm
(the )Tj
0.0213 Tc 1.615 0 Td
(elapsed )Tj
0.0097 Tc 3.5 0 Td
(time. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.7335 0 0 9.9 76.92 125.52 Tm
(6. )Tj
0.0279 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 88.24 125.52 Tm
(There )Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.3682 0 0 9.9 115.84 125.52 Tm
(is )Tj
0 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 125.42 125.52 Tm
(a )Tj
0.0337 Tc 0.82 0 Td
(strong )Tj
0.0328 Tc 3.036 0 Td
(interaction )Tj
0.0207 Tc 4.979 0 Td
(between )Tj
0.0316 Tc 3.818 0 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.0477 Tc 3.734 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0403 Tc -22.279 -1.188 Td
(creep )Tj
0.0149 Tc 2.766 0 Td
(in )Tj
0.05 Tc 9.9902 0 0 9.9 106.7 113.76 Tm
(concrete, )Tj
0.0452 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 151.91 113.76 Tm
(which )Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.7585 0 0 9.9 182.32 113.76 Tm
(is )Tj
0.0401 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 192.94 113.76 Tm
(very )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.5159 0 0 9.9 215.91 113.76 Tm
(important )Tj
0.0498 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 265.33 113.76 Tm
(for )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.5143 0 0 9.9 282.73 113.76 Tm
(both )Tj
0.015 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 67.09 102 Tm
(failure )Tj
0.0477 Tc 3.104 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0133 Tc 1.911 0 Td
(serviceability )Tj
0.0134 Tc 5.919 0 Td
(analyses )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.5727 0 0 9.9 213.74 102 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0303 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 226.18 102 Tm
(structures. )Tj
0.0183 Tc 4.861 0 Td
(Analy\255)Tj
-0.035 Tc 9.7526 0 0 9.9 66.82 90 Tm
(sis )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.5727 0 0 9.9 80.54 90 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0246 Tc 9.9 0 0 9.9 93.28 90 Tm
(long-term )Tj
0.0316 Tc 4.579 0 Td
(fracture )Tj
0.0424 Tc 3.771 0 Td
(propagation )Tj
0.0149 Tc 5.614 0 Td
(in )Tj
0.0253 Tc 1.186 0 Td
(concrete )Tj
0.0326 Tc 3.96 0 Td
(must )Tj
0.0363 Tc -21.794 -1.188 Td
(take )Tj
0.0127 Tc 2.109 0 Td
(this )Tj
0.0304 Tc 1.861 0 Td
(interaction )Tj
0.0369 Tc 4.921 0 Td
(into )Tj
0.0347 Tc 2.034 0 Td
(account. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.036 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 129.13 52.57 Tm
(ACKNOWLEDGM )Tj
0.016 Tc 8.753 0 Td
(ENTS )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0312 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 74.33 42.73 Tm
(This )Tj
0.0355 Tc 2.377 0 Td
(work )Tj
-0.0001 Tc 2.673 0 Td
(was )Tj
0.0409 Tc 2.099 0 Td
(partially )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9505 0 0 7.9001 163.81 42.73 Tm
(supported )Tj
0.0121 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 202.57 42.73 Tm
(by )Tj
0.0443 Tc 1.515 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0399 Tc 1.83 0 Td
(NSF )Tj
0.0491 Tc 2.415 0 Td
(Center )Tj
0.0302 Tc 3.432 0 Td
(for )Tj
0.0457 Tc 1.772 0 Td
(Ad\255)Tj
0.049 Tc -28.192 -1.246 Td
(vanced )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9396 0 0 7.9001 94.96 32.89 Tm
(Cement-Based )Tj
8.0761 0 0 7.9001 150.2 32.89 Tm
(Materials )Tj
8.3689 0 0 7.9001 187.82 32.89 Tm
(\(Grant )Tj
0.021 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 215.96 32.89 Tm
(DMR-8808432\)., )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3032 0 0 7.9001 277.12 32.89 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0425 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 294.01 32.89 Tm
(by )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
-0.0041 Tc 9.7 0 0 9.7 66.73 18.48 Tm
(ACI )Tj
0.0338 Tc 2.105 0 Td
(Materials )Tj
0.0362 Tc 4.691 0 Td
(Journal )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
0 Tc 9.8 0 0 9.8 172.4 18.48 Tm
(I )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0.0394 Tc 9.7 0 0 9.7 181.07 18.48 Tm
(September-October )Tj
-0.0193 Tc 9.755 0 Td
(1992 )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0314 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 330.95 734.41 Tm
(AFOSR )Tj
0.0456 Tc 3.91 0 Td
(Contract )Tj
0.0098 Tc 4.29 0 Td
(49620-87-C-0030DEF )Tj
0.007 Tc 9.754 0 Td
(with )Tj
0.0303 Tc 2.376 0 Td
(Northwestern )Tj
0.0094 Tc 6.343 0 Td
(Univer\255)Tj
0.0008 Tc -26.686 -1.246 Td
(sity. )Tj
0.0368 Tc 2.162 0 Td
(The )Tj
0.0153 Tc 2.073 0 Td
(help )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 7.9001 381.76 724.57 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0403 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 392.16 724.57 Tm
(undergraduate )Tj
0.0195 Tc 6.621 0 Td
(research )Tj
0.0242 Tc 3.91 0 Td
(assistants )Tj
-0.0137 Tc 4.44 0 Td
(D. )Tj
-0.015 Tc 1.459 0 Td
(Klein )Tj
0.0435 Tc 2.606 0 Td
(and )Tj
-0.0137 Tc 2.01 0 Td
(D. )Tj
0.0417 Tc -28.805 -1.247 Td
(Coe )Tj
-0.0014 Tc 2.099 0 Td
(in )Tj
0.0289 Tc 1.209 0 Td
(specimen )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.0001 0 0 7.9001 392.17 714.72 Tm
(preparation )Tj
7.9899 0 0 7.9001 436.24 714.72 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0279 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 452.08 714.72 Tm
(analysis )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 7.9001 482.8 714.72 Tm
(of )Tj
8.1153 0 0 7.9001 493.12 714.72 Tm
(data )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.4165 0 0 7.9001 511.38 714.72 Tm
(is )Tj
0.036 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 519.53 714.72 Tm
(gratefully )Tj
0.0036 Tc 4.677 0 Td
(ac\255)Tj
0.0182 Tc -28.548 -1.214 Td
(knowledged. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0.0217 Tc 9.6 0 0 9.6 414.99 673.92 Tm
(REFERENCES )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 8.3038 0 0 7.2 338.89 664.09 Tm
(I. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0312 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 347.38 664.09 Tm
(Shah, )Tj
-0.012 Tc 2.795 0 Td
(S. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2059 0 0 7.9001 379.16 664.09 Tm
(P., )Tj
7.9899 0 0 7.9001 391.84 664.09 Tm
(and )Tj
0.048 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 407.2 664.09 Tm
(Chandra, )Tj
0.0361 Tc 4.367 0 Td
(S., )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.1421 0 0 7.9001 454.17 664.09 Tm
("Fracture )Tj
8.6251 0 0 7.9001 490.48 664.09 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0262 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 500.56 664.09 Tm
(Concrete )Tj
0.0246 Tc 4.154 0 Td
(Subjected )Tj
0.0456 Tc -25.716 -1.247 Td
(to )Tj
-0.0004 Tc 1.299 0 Td
(Cyclic )Tj
0.0435 Tc 3.068 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0314 Tc 2.028 0 Td
(Sustained )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.953 0 0 7.9001 417.32 654.24 Tm
(Loading," )Tj
0.0386 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 456.47 654.24 Tm
(ACI )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.0684 0 0 7.9001 474.92 654.24 Tm
(JOURNAL, )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
-0.0094 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 511.26 654.24 Tm
(Proceedings, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 7.7388 0 0 7.9001 558.22 654.24 Tm
(V. )Tj
-0.0051 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 330.14 644.16 Tm
(67, )Tj
0.0235 Tc 1.658 0 Td
(No. )Tj
-0.0273 Tc 1.996 0 Td
(10, )Tj
0.0308 Tc 1.573 0 Td
(Oct. )Tj
-0.013 Tc 2.254 0 Td
(1970, )Tj
0.0327 Tc 2.618 0 Td
(pp. )Tj
-0.0121 Tc 1.743 0 Td
(816-825. )Tj
-0.0324 Tc -10.864 -1.244 Td
(2. )Tj
0.0438 Tc 1.187 0 Td
(Wittmann, )Tj
0.001 Tc 5.013 0 Td
(F. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.239 0 0 7.9001 396.68 634.33 Tm
(H., )Tj
0.0435 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 410.56 634.33 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0106 Tc 1.951 0 Td
(Zaitsev, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.1524 0 0 7.9001 455.23 634.33 Tm
(Ju., )Tj
7.9075 0 0 7.9001 471.21 634.33 Tm
("Behavior )Tj
8.0687 0 0 7.9001 509.2 634.33 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0413 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 518.84 634.33 Tm
(Hardened )Tj
0.0037 Tc 4.521 0 Td
(Ce\255)Tj
0.0244 Tc -28.396 -1.308 Td
(ment )Tj
0.0389 Tc 2.519 0 Td
(Paste )Tj
0.0435 Tc 2.697 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0349 Tc 1.975 0 Td
(Concrete )Tj
0.0311 Tc 4.263 0 Td
(under )Tj
0.026 Tc 2.851 0 Td
(High )Tj
0.02 Tc 2.509 0 Td
(Sustained )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.1391 0 0 7.9001 499.4 624 Tm
(Load," )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
0.0017 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 527.37 624 Tm
(Mechanical )Tj
0.0203 Tc -24.062 -1.229 Td
(Behavior )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.4103 0 0 8.2 364.47 613.92 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0045 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 375.21 613.92 Tm
(Materials, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0357 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 414.45 613.92 Tm
(Proceedings )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 7.9001 459.76 613.92 Tm
(of )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.6333 0 0 7.9001 470.86 613.92 Tm
(1971 )Tj
0.0494 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 489.79 613.92 Tm
(International )Tj
0.0476 Tc 6.194 0 Td
(Confer\255)Tj
0.0016 Tc -26.43 -1.244 Td
(ence, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.7388 0 0 7.9001 349.9 604.09 Tm
(V. )Tj
-0.0056 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 360.45 604.09 Tm
(4, )Tj
0.0128 Tc 1.14 0 Td
(Society )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 7.9001 396.4 604.09 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0236 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 406.53 604.09 Tm
(Materials )Tj
0.0074 Tc 4.3 0 Td
(Science, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.067 0 0 7.9001 470.84 604.09 Tm
(Japan, )Tj
-0.0206 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 497.01 604.09 Tm
(1972, )Tj
0.0327 Tc 2.557 0 Td
(pp. )Tj
-0.0114 Tc 1.743 0 Td
(84-95. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.7865 0 0 7.9001 337.83 594.24 Tm
(3. )Tj
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(Liu, )Tj
0.0427 Tc 2.158 0 Td
(Z.-G.; )Tj
0.0283 Tc 3.115 0 Td
(Swartz, )Tj
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(S. )Tj
0.0303 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 427.16 594.24 Tm
(E.; )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9957 0 0 7.9001 440.36 594.24 Tm
(Hu, )Tj
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(K. )Tj
-0.0006 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 467.73 594.24 Tm
(K.; )Tj
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(and )Tj
0.0004 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 497.25 594.24 Tm
(Kan, )Tj
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(Y.-c., )Tj
7.9236 0 0 7.9001 541.05 594.24 Tm
("Time\255)Tj
0.0307 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 329.96 584.16 Tm
(Dependent )Tj
0.0217 Tc 4.982 0 Td
(Response )Tj
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(and )Tj
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(Fracture )Tj
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(of )Tj
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(Concrete )Tj
0.0485 Tc 4.259 0 Td
(Beams," )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
-0.0335 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 547.75 584.16 Tm
(Frac\255)Tj
0.012 Tc -26.567 -1.17 Td
(ture )Tj
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(of )Tj
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(Concrete )Tj
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(and )Tj
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(Rock: )Tj
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(Recent )Tj
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(Developments )Tj
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(UK\), )Tj
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(S. )Tj
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(P. )Tj
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(Shah, )Tj
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(S. )Tj
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(E. )Tj
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(Swartz, )Tj
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(and )Tj
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(B. )Tj
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(eds., )Tj
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(Elsevier )Tj
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(Science, )Tj
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(London, )Tj
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(1989, )Tj
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(pp. )Tj
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(577-586. )Tj
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(4. )Tj
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(Mindess, )Tj
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(S., )Tj
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(and )Tj
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(Shah. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.8213 0 0 7.9001 429.94 544.8 Tm
(S. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2059 0 0 7.9001 439.64 544.8 Tm
(P., )Tj
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(eds., )Tj
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0.0113 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 471.68 544.8 Tm
(Cement-Based )Tj
0.0077 Tc 6.293 0 Td
(Composites: )Tj
-0.0107 Tc -23.631 -1.17 Td
(Strain )Tj
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(Rate )Tj
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(Effects )Tj
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(on )Tj
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(Fracture, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
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(Materials )Tj
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(Research )Tj
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(sium )Tj
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(Proceedings, )Tj
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(V. )Tj
-0.0051 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 404.78 525.36 Tm
(64, )Tj
0.0387 Tc 1.74 0 Td
(1986,270 )Tj
0.0327 Tc 4.349 0 Td
(pp. )Tj
-0.0171 Tc -14.628 -1.275 Td
(5. )Tj
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(Bazant, )Tj
0.0333 Tc 3.858 0 Td
(Z. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.4163 0 0 7.9001 388.76 515.29 Tm
(P., )Tj
7.9899 0 0 7.9001 402.88 515.29 Tm
(and )Tj
7.9001 0 0 7.9001 419.2 515.29 Tm
(Gettu, )Tj
0.0409 Tc 3.316 0 Td
(R., )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.1318 0 0 7.9001 459.93 515.29 Tm
("Determination )Tj
8.6251 0 0 7.9001 519.52 515.29 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0437 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 530.44 515.29 Tm
(Nonlinear )Tj
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(Fracture )Tj
0.0421 Tc 4.095 0 Td
(Characteristics )Tj
0.0435 Tc 6.987 0 Td
(and )Tj
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(Time )Tj
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(Dependence )Tj
0.0345 Tc 5.735 0 Td
(from )Tj
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(Size )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3165 0 0 7.9001 535.39 505.45 Tm
(Effect," )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
-0.0091 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 328.87 495.36 Tm
(Fracture )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.1128 0 0 8.2 360.4 495.36 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0052 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 370.4 495.36 Tm
(Concrete )Tj
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(and )Tj
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(Rock: )Tj
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(Recent )Tj
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(Developments )Tj
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(\(International )Tj
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(Cardiff, )Tj
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(UK\), )Tj
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(S. )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9938 0 0 7.9001 435.81 485.29 Tm
(P. )Tj
0.0388 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 446.74 485.29 Tm
(Shah, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.8213 0 0 7.9001 470.02 485.29 Tm
(S. )Tj
0.0339 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 480.2 485.29 Tm
(E. )Tj
0.0233 Tc 1.415 0 Td
(Swartz, )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9899 0 0 7.9001 520.24 485.29 Tm
(and )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.8194 0 0 7.9001 536.37 485.29 Tm
(B. )Tj
0.0308 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 547.65 485.29 Tm
(Barr, )Tj
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(eds., )Tj
0.0075 Tc 2.344 0 Td
(Elsevier )Tj
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(Applied )Tj
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(Science, )Tj
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(London, )Tj
-0.0206 Tc 4.163 0 Td
(1989, )Tj
0.0175 Tc 2.587 0 Td
(pp. )Tj
-0.0079 Tc 1.716 0 Td
(549-565. )Tj
-0.0267 Tc -21.052 -1.277 Td
(6. )Tj
0.0316 Tc 1.163 0 Td
(Bazant, )Tj
0.0333 Tc 3.646 0 Td
(Z. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2059 0 0 7.9001 385.64 465.36 Tm
(P., )Tj
7.9899 0 0 7.9001 398.56 465.36 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0317 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 414.16 465.36 Tm
(Gettu, )Tj
0.0409 Tc 3.104 0 Td
(R., )Tj
0.0476 Tc 1.748 0 Td
("Size )Tj
0.0312 Tc 2.687 0 Td
(Effect )Tj
-0.0014 Tc 3.005 0 Td
(in )Tj
0.0262 Tc 1.182 0 Td
(Concrete )Tj
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(and )Tj
0.0168 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 555.31 465.36 Tm
(In\255)Tj
0.0032 Tc -28.622 -1.214 Td
(fluence )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 7.9001 355.6 455.77 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0293 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 365.48 455.77 Tm
(Loading )Tj
0.0074 Tc 3.889 0 Td
(Rate," )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
0.0025 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 421.91 455.77 Tm
(Serviceability )Tj
0.03 Tc 5.82 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0087 Tc 1.83 0 Td
(Durability )Tj
0.05 Tc 9.8154 0 0 8.2 521.92 455.77 Tm
(of )Tj
-0.0009 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 531.68 455.77 Tm
(Construc\255)Tj
0.0011 Tc -24.724 -1.2 Td
(tion )Tj
-0.0003 Tc 1.896 0 Td
(Materials )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0245 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 379.11 445.93 Tm
(\(Proceedings, )Tj
0.0172 Tc 6.205 0 Td
(First )Tj
0.0274 Tc 2.278 0 Td
(Materials )Tj
0.0173 Tc 4.373 0 Td
(Engineering )Tj
0.0271 Tc 5.433 0 Td
(Conference, )Tj
0.0154 Tc -24.663 -1.247 Td
(Denver\), )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.8194 0 0 7.9001 361.65 436.08 Tm
(B. )Tj
0.0363 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 372.47 436.08 Tm
(A. )Tj
0.0389 Tc 1.533 0 Td
(Suprenant, )Tj
0.0319 Tc 5.172 0 Td
(ed., )Tj
0.0372 Tc 2.014 0 Td
(ASCE, )Tj
-0.0169 Tc 3.5 0 Td
(New )Tj
0.0332 Tc 2.332 0 Td
(York, )Tj
-0.0282 Tc 3.006 0 Td
(1990, )Tj
0.0327 Tc 2.648 0 Td
(pp. )Tj
-0.0262 Tc 1.878 0 Td
(1113-)Tj
-0.0282 Tc -27.554 -1.276 Td
(1123. )Tj
-0.0267 Tc 0.905 -1.215 Td
(7. )Tj
0.022 Tc 1.19 0 Td
(Rusch, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.0559 0 0 7.9001 372.44 416.4 Tm
(H., )Tj
0.0364 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 387.45 416.4 Tm
("Researches )Tj
0.0409 Tc 5.697 0 Td
(toward )Tj
0 Tc 3.425 0 Td
(a )Tj
0.0276 Tc 0.881 0 Td
(General )Tj
0.013 Tc 3.773 0 Td
(Flexural )Tj
0.0337 Tc 3.853 0 Td
(Theory )Tj
0.015 Tc 3.521 0 Td
(for )Tj
0.032 Tc -28.593 -1.244 Td
(Structural )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.0318 0 0 7.9001 365.44 406.57 Tm
(Concrete," )Tj
0.0386 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 407.03 406.57 Tm
(ACI )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.0157 0 0 7.9001 424.76 406.57 Tm
(JOURNAL, )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
0.0001 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 460.62 406.57 Tm
(Proceedings )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 7.7388 0 0 7.9001 504.7 406.57 Tm
(V. )Tj
-0.0155 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 515.89 406.57 Tm
(57, )Tj
0.0246 Tc 1.68 0 Td
(July )Tj
-0.013 Tc 2.219 0 Td
(1960, )Tj
0.0327 Tc -27.61 -1.216 Td
(pp. )Tj
-0.0168 Tc 1.787 0 Td
(1-28. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.7659 0 0 7.9001 336.34 386.89 Tm
(8. )Tj
0.0344 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 345.8 386.89 Tm
(Reinhardt, )Tj
0.0417 Tc 4.952 0 Td
(H. )Tj
0.0413 Tc 1.459 0 Td
(W., )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.0125 0 0 7.9001 412.41 386.89 Tm
("Strain )Tj
0.0291 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 440.36 386.89 Tm
(Rate )Tj
0.027 Tc 2.309 0 Td
(Effects )Tj
0.0229 Tc 3.368 0 Td
(on )Tj
0.014 Tc 1.434 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0091 Tc 1.604 0 Td
(Tensile )Tj
0.029 Tc 3.363 0 Td
(Strength )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 7.9001 328.48 377.05 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0349 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 338.56 377.05 Tm
(Concrete )Tj
-0.0007 Tc 4.253 0 Td
(as )Tj
0.0355 Tc 1.252 0 Td
(Predicted )Tj
-0.0182 Tc 4.501 0 Td
(by )Tj
0.0359 Tc 1.387 0 Td
(Thermodynamic )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9899 0 0 7.9001 487.6 377.05 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0348 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 503.25 377.05 Tm
(Fracture )Tj
0.0226 Tc 4.01 0 Td
(Mechan\255)Tj
-0.0148 Tc -26.13 -1.246 Td
(ics )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.4697 0 0 7.9001 340.76 367.21 Tm
(Models," )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
0.0459 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 378.8 367.21 Tm
(Cement-Based )Tj
0.0457 Tc 6.702 0 Td
(Composites: )Tj
0.0303 Tc 5.901 0 Td
(Strain )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2548 0 0 8.2 507.18 367.21 Tm
(Rate )Tj
8.3989 0 0 8.2 526.62 367.21 Tm
(Effects )Tj
0.0445 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 555.29 367.21 Tm
(on )Tj
-0.0173 Tc -27.7 -1.229 Td
(Fracture, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0274 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 361.89 357.13 Tm
(Materials )Tj
0.0113 Tc 4.343 0 Td
(Research )Tj
0.0128 Tc 4.149 0 Td
(Society )Tj
0.0263 Tc 3.372 0 Td
(Symposium )Tj
0.0207 Tc 5.361 0 Td
(Proceedings, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.7388 0 0 7.9001 543.58 357.13 Tm
(V. )Tj
-0.0051 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 553.82 357.13 Tm
(64, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.8213 0 0 7.9001 328.42 347.05 Tm
(S. )Tj
0.0145 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 337.65 347.05 Tm
(Mindess )Tj
0.0435 Tc 3.821 0 Td
(and )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.8213 0 0 7.9001 383.14 347.05 Tm
(S. )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9938 0 0 7.9001 392.61 347.05 Tm
(P. )Tj
0.0388 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 402.82 347.05 Tm
(Shah, )Tj
0.0254 Tc 2.803 0 Td
(eds., )Tj
-0.013 Tc 2.406 0 Td
(1986, )Tj
0.0327 Tc 2.587 0 Td
(pp. )Tj
-0.0168 Tc 1.818 0 Td
(1-14. )Tj
-0.0264 Tc -18.053 -1.246 Td
(9. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.0116 0 0 7.9001 345.8 337.21 Tm
(Harsh, )Tj
0.0378 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 372.82 337.21 Tm
(S.; )Tj
0.0388 Tc 1.64 0 Td
(Shen, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.0343 0 0 7.9001 408.69 337.21 Tm
(Z.; )Tj
0.0435 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 422.56 337.21 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0439 Tc 2.01 0 Td
(Darwin, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.0892 0 0 7.9001 470.36 337.21 Tm
(D., )Tj
8.0772 0 0 7.9001 485.37 337.21 Tm
("Strain-Rate )Tj
0.0213 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 533.62 337.21 Tm
(Sensitive )Tj
0.0181 Tc -25.991 -1.247 Td
(Behavior )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 7.9001 361.12 327.36 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0332 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 370.96 327.36 Tm
(Cement )Tj
0.0389 Tc 3.682 0 Td
(Paste )Tj
0.0435 Tc 2.606 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9617 0 0 7.9001 435.81 327.36 Tm
(Mortar )Tj
-0.0014 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 462.9 327.36 Tm
(in )Tj
0.0492 Tc 1.152 0 Td
(Compression," )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 9.0129 0 0 8.2 526.7 327.36 Tm
(ACI )Tj
0.0011 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 543.93 327.36 Tm
(Mate\255)Tj
-0.0333 Tc -26.329 -1.2 Td
(rials )Tj
-0.0047 Tc 2.037 0 Td
(Journal, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 7.7388 0 0 7.9001 376.06 317.52 Tm
(V. )Tj
-0.015 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 386.98 317.52 Tm
(87, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.7199 0 0 7.9001 399.88 317.52 Tm
(No.5, )Tj
0.0297 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 424.42 317.52 Tm
(Sept.-Oct. )Tj
-0.013 Tc 4.783 0 Td
(1990, )Tj
0.0327 Tc 2.587 0 Td
(pp. )Tj
-0.0079 Tc 1.747 0 Td
(508-516. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.5772 0 0 7.9001 336.46 308.17 Tm
(10. )Tj
0.0233 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 348.68 308.17 Tm
(Hughes, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.5402 0 0 7.9001 379.41 308.17 Tm
(B. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2059 0 0 7.9001 389.48 308.17 Tm
(P., )Tj
0.0435 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 402.16 308.17 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0229 Tc 1.92 0 Td
(Watson, )Tj
0.006 Tc 3.891 0 Td
(A. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3193 0 0 7.9001 459.07 308.17 Tm
(J., )Tj
0.0307 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 470.97 308.17 Tm
("Compressive )Tj
0.0203 Tc 6.32 0 Td
(Strength )Tj
0.0435 Tc 3.896 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0269 Tc -28.305 -1.246 Td
(Ultimate )Tj
0.034 Tc 4.176 0 Td
(Strain )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 7.9001 385.12 298.33 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0306 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 396.16 298.33 Tm
(Concrete )Tj
0.0387 Tc 4.294 0 Td
(under )Tj
0.0377 Tc 2.971 0 Td
(Impact )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.0078 0 0 7.9001 480.92 298.33 Tm
(Loading," )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
-0.0171 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 520.14 298.33 Tm
(!vlagazine )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.1128 0 0 8.2 556.72 298.33 Tm
(of )Tj
0.001 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 328.16 288.49 Tm
(Concrete )Tj
-0.0053 Tc 3.978 0 Td
(Research, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 7.7388 0 0 7.9001 396.7 288.49 Tm
(V. )Tj
0.001 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 407.43 288.49 Tm
(30, )Tj
0.0083 Tc 1.657 0 Td
(No. )Tj
-0.0228 Tc 1.996 0 Td
(105, )Tj
0.0039 Tc 2.065 0 Td
(Dec. )Tj
-0.013 Tc 2.371 0 Td
(1978, )Tj
0.0327 Tc 2.587 0 Td
(pp. )Tj
-0.0199 Tc 1.818 0 Td
(189-199. )Tj
-0.0121 Tc -21.509 -1.215 Td
(11. )Tj
0.0422 Tc 1.657 0 Td
(Suresh, )Tj
0.0226 Tc 3.706 0 Td
(S.; )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.0814 0 0 7.9001 391.24 278.89 Tm
(Nakamura, )Tj
8.062 0 0 7.9001 433.85 278.89 Tm
(T.; )Tj
0.0458 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 447.58 278.89 Tm
(Yeshurun, )Tj
0.0171 Tc 5.013 0 Td
(Y.; )Tj
0.0209 Tc 1.792 0 Td
(Yang, )Tj
0.0486 Tc 3.006 0 Td
(K.-H.; )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9899 0 0 7.9001 550.96 278.89 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0286 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 328.04 269.05 Tm
(Duffy, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3193 0 0 7.9001 354.43 269.05 Tm
(J., )Tj
0.0395 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 367.53 269.05 Tm
("Tensile )Tj
0.0391 Tc 4.116 0 Td
(Fracture )Tj
0.0265 Tc 4.066 0 Td
(Toughness )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6251 0 0 7.9001 472.24 269.05 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0273 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 483.28 269.05 Tm
(Ceramic )Tj
0.0206 Tc 4.047 0 Td
(Materials: )Tj
0.0368 Tc 4.768 0 Td
(Ef\255)Tj
-0.0052 Tc -28.472 -1.246 Td
(fects )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 7.9001 346.48 259.21 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0203 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 357.08 259.21 Tm
(Dynamic )Tj
0.0344 Tc 4.253 0 Td
(Loading )Tj
0.0435 Tc 3.944 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0236 Tc 1.98 0 Td
(Elevated )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9263 0 0 7.9001 469.61 259.21 Tm
(Temperatures," )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
0.0069 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 527.37 259.21 Tm
(Journal )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.1128 0 0 8.2 556.48 259.21 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0077 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 327.98 249.61 Tm
(the )Tj
0.0186 Tc 1.521 0 Td
(American )Tj
-0.0011 Tc 4.384 0 Td
(Ceramic )Tj
-0.0017 Tc 3.765 0 Td
(Society, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 7.4808 0 0 7.9001 436.79 249.61 Tm
(V. )Tj
-0.0051 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 447.28 249.61 Tm
(73, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.7199 0 0 7.9001 460.6 249.61 Tm
(No.8, )Tj
-0.0206 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 485.49 249.61 Tm
(1990, )Tj
0.0175 Tc 2.587 0 Td
(pp. )Tj
-0.0075 Tc 1.694 0 Td
(2457-2466. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.7937 0 0 7.9001 335.97 239.76 Tm
(12. )Tj
0.0362 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 348.45 239.76 Tm
(Wittmann, )Tj
0.001 Tc 4.952 0 Td
(F. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.0559 0 0 7.9001 397.4 239.76 Tm
(H., )Tj
0.0394 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 411.69 239.76 Tm
("Influence )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 7.9001 450.16 239.76 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0221 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 459.77 239.76 Tm
(Time )Tj
0.0229 Tc 2.521 0 Td
(on )Tj
0.0243 Tc 1.396 0 Td
(Crack )Tj
0.0362 Tc 2.862 0 Td
(Formation )Tj
0.0435 Tc 4.794 0 Td
(and )Tj
0.0225 Tc -28.277 -1.244 Td
(Failure )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 7.9001 354.16 229.93 Tm
(of )Tj
7.9806 0 0 7.9001 364.24 229.93 Tm
(Concrete," )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
0.0202 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 405.25 229.93 Tm
(Application )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.1128 0 0 8.2 448.24 229.93 Tm
(of )Tj
-0.0049 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 457.99 229.93 Tm
(Fracture )Tj
-0.0126 Tc 3.834 0 Td
(Nlechanics )Tj
-0.0099 Tc 4.721 0 Td
(to )Tj
0.0009 Tc 1.163 0 Td
(Cemen\255)Tj
0.019 Tc -25.602 -1.229 Td
(titious )Tj
0.0218 Tc 3.037 0 Td
(Composites, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.012 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 399.46 219.85 Tm
(S. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2793 0 0 7.9001 409.64 219.85 Tm
(P. )Tj
0.0388 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 420.58 219.85 Tm
(Shah, )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9327 0 0 7.9001 443.44 219.85 Tm
(ed., )Tj
7.9039 0 0 7.9001 460.05 219.85 Tm
(Martinus )Tj
7.995 0 0 7.9001 495.16 219.85 Tm
(Nijhoff )Tj
0.0401 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 524.61 219.85 Tm
(Publishers, )Tj
0.0337 Tc -24.912 -1.277 Td
(Dordrecht, )Tj
0.0368 Tc 5.009 0 Td
(The )Tj
0.03 Tc 1.989 0 Td
(Netherlands, )Tj
-0.0206 Tc 5.915 0 Td
(1985, )Tj
0.0327 Tc 2.587 0 Td
(pp. )Tj
-0.0035 Tc 1.747 0 Td
(593-616. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.7937 0 0 7.9001 335.97 199.93 Tm
(13. )Tj
0.0384 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 348.68 199.93 Tm
(Lajtai, )Tj
0.0339 Tc 3.22 0 Td
(E. )Tj
0.0452 Tc 1.308 0 Td
(Z.; )Tj
-0.0002 Tc 1.657 0 Td
(SchmiQtke, )Tj
-0.0023 Tc 5.177 0 Td
(R. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.0727 0 0 7.9001 449.48 199.93 Tm
(H.; )Tj
7.9899 0 0 7.9001 463.6 199.93 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0024 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 479.01 199.93 Tm
(Bielus, )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0.05 Tc 7.6213 0 0 7.2 504.56 199.93 Tm
(L. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
8.2059 0 0 7.9001 514.76 199.93 Tm
(P., )Tj
8.0303 0 0 7.9001 528.09 199.93 Tm
("Effect )Tj
8.6251 0 0 7.9001 556.24 199.93 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0375 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 327.57 190.33 Tm
(Water )Tj
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(on )Tj
0.0291 Tc 1.434 0 Td
(the )Tj
0.0282 Tc 1.665 0 Td
(Time-dependent )Tj
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(Deformation )Tj
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(and )Tj
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(Fracture )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 7.9001 527.2 190.33 Tm
(of )Tj
0 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 537.28 190.33 Tm
(a )Tj
0.0286 Tc 0.82 0 Td
(Gran\255)Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2226 0 0 7.9001 327.53 180.49 Tm
(ite," )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
0.0141 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 346.16 180.49 Tm
(International )Tj
0.0118 Tc 5.767 0 Td
(Journal )Tj
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(of )Tj
8.3993 0 0 8.2 432.3 180.49 Tm
(Rock )Tj
0.0066 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 452.73 180.49 Tm
(Mechanics )Tj
0.03 Tc 4.754 0 Td
(and )Tj
-0.0015 Tc 1.861 0 Td
(Mineral )Tj
-0.017 Tc 3.559 0 Td
(Science, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 7.7388 0 0 7.9001 327.58 170.65 Tm
(V. )Tj
-0.0231 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 338.11 170.65 Tm
(24, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.819 0 0 7.9001 350.92 170.65 Tm
(No.4, )Tj
-0.0206 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 376.05 170.65 Tm
(1987, )Tj
0.0479 Tc 2.557 0 Td
(pp. )Tj
-0.0101 Tc 1.754 0 Td
(247-255. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.7937 0 0 7.9001 335.73 161.04 Tm
(14. )Tj
0.0366 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 348.21 161.04 Tm
(Bazant, )Tj
0.0029 Tc 3.737 0 Td
(Z. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.4163 0 0 7.9001 388.76 161.04 Tm
(P., )Tj
0.0435 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 402.4 161.04 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0479 Tc 2.042 0 Td
(Prat, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2793 0 0 7.9001 438.68 161.04 Tm
(P. )Tj
7.9075 0 0 7.9001 449.92 161.04 Tm
(C., )Tj
8.1847 0 0 7.9001 464.25 161.04 Tm
("Effect )Tj
8.3469 0 0 7.9001 493.6 161.04 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0383 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 503.93 161.04 Tm
(Temperature )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9899 0 0 7.9001 550.72 161.04 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0317 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 327.56 151.45 Tm
(Humidity )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9254 0 0 7.9001 362.56 151.45 Tm
(on )Tj
0.0391 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 373.89 151.45 Tm
(Fracture )Tj
0.0208 Tc 3.978 0 Td
(Energy )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 7.9001 431.68 151.45 Tm
(of )Tj
8.0318 0 0 7.9001 441.76 151.45 Tm
(Concrete," )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
9.0129 0 0 8.2 482.78 151.45 Tm
(ACI )Tj
-0.0076 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 500.25 151.45 Tm
(Materials )Tj
-0.0089 Tc 4.215 0 Td
(Journal, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.035 Tc 7.7388 0 0 7.9001 327.34 141.61 Tm
(V. )Tj
-0.015 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 338.02 141.61 Tm
(87, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.7199 0 0 7.9001 350.92 141.61 Tm
(No.4, )Tj
0.0419 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 375.79 141.61 Tm
(july-Aug. )Tj
-0.0206 Tc 4.651 0 Td
(1988, )Tj
0.0327 Tc 2.557 0 Td
(pp. )Tj
-0.0014 Tc 1.724 0 Td
(262-271. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.7937 0 0 7.9001 335.49 132 Tm
(15. )Tj
0.0106 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 348.2 132 Tm
(Rossi, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2059 0 0 7.9001 372.2 132 Tm
(P., )Tj
0.0435 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 385.6 132 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0227 Tc 1.981 0 Td
(Boulay, )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9075 0 0 7.9001 430.72 132 Tm
(C., )Tj
7.9456 0 0 7.9001 444.81 132 Tm
("Influence )Tj
8.3469 0 0 7.9001 484.96 132 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0115 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 495.33 132 Tm
(Free )Tj
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(Water )Tj
-0.0317 Tc 3.034 0 Td
(in )Tj
0.0295 Tc 1.182 0 Td
(Con\255)Tj
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(crete )Tj
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(on )Tj
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(the )Tj
0.0311 Tc 1.694 0 Td
(Cracking )Tj
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(Process," )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
0.0125 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 440.01 122.4 Tm
(Magazine )Tj
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(of )Tj
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(Concrete )Tj
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(Research, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
-0.0236 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 555.1 122.4 Tm
(V. )Tj
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(42, )Tj
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(No. )Tj
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(152, )Tj
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(1990, )Tj
0.0479 Tc 2.557 0 Td
(pp. )Tj
-0.0156 Tc 1.818 0 Td
(143-146. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.7937 0 0 7.9001 335.49 102.72 Tm
(16. )Tj
0.0337 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 347.96 102.72 Tm
(Darwin, )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9054 0 0 7.9001 378.44 102.72 Tm
(D., )Tj
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(and )Tj
0.0299 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 406.79 102.72 Tm
(Attiogbe, )Tj
0.0339 Tc 4.371 0 Td
(E. )Tj
0.0281 Tc 1.308 0 Td
(K., )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9837 0 0 7.9001 465.21 102.72 Tm
("Effects )Tj
8.3469 0 0 7.9001 496.48 102.72 Tm
(of )Tj
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(Loading )Tj
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(Rate )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9254 0 0 7.9001 554.56 102.72 Tm
(on )Tj
0.0441 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 327.04 92.88 Tm
(Cracking )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.3469 0 0 7.9001 361.84 92.88 Tm
(of )Tj
0.0454 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 372.16 92.88 Tm
(Cement )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9559 0 0 7.9001 401.97 92.88 Tm
(Paste )Tj
-0.0014 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 423.78 92.88 Tm
(in )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.147 0 0 7.9001 433.12 92.88 Tm
(Compression," )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
0.0246 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 490.64 92.88 Tm
(Cement-Based )Tj
0.0335 Tc 6.468 0 Td
(Com\255)Tj
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(posites: )Tj
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(Strain )Tj
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(Rate )Tj
0.0379 Tc 2.283 0 Td
(Effects )Tj
-0.035 Tc 8.1279 0 0 8.2 424.73 83.04 Tm
(on )Tj
-0.0136 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 435.91 83.04 Tm
(Fracture, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.0274 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 470.61 83.04 Tm
(Materials )Tj
0.0156 Tc 4.434 0 Td
(Research )Tj
0.0077 Tc 4.21 0 Td
(Society )Tj
0.0377 Tc -26.825 -1.276 Td
(Symposium )Tj
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(Proceedings, )Tj
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(V. )Tj
-0.0051 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 430.46 72.96 Tm
(64, )Tj
0.0184 Tc 1.727 0 Td
(S. )Tj
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(Mindess )Tj
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(and )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.8213 0 0 7.9001 502.42 72.96 Tm
(S. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.2793 0 0 7.9001 512.36 72.96 Tm
(P. )Tj
0.0464 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 523.3 72.96 Tm
(Shah, )Tj
0.0482 Tc 2.924 0 Td
(eds., )Tj
-0.0206 Tc -27.73 -1.275 Td
(1986, )Tj
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(pp. )Tj
-0.0112 Tc 1.787 0 Td
(167-180. )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.7937 0 0 7.9001 335.25 53.28 Tm
(17. )Tj
0.0409 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 347.68 53.28 Tm
(Chong, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 7.7018 0 0 7.9001 375.57 53.28 Tm
(K. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.4163 0 0 7.9001 386.12 53.28 Tm
(P., )Tj
7.9899 0 0 7.9001 398.8 53.28 Tm
(and )Tj
0.0083 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 414.21 53.28 Tm
(Boresi, )Tj
0.0363 Tc 3.284 0 Td
(A. )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.4163 0 0 7.9001 451.4 53.28 Tm
(P., )Tj
8.0911 0 0 7.9001 464.73 53.28 Tm
("Strain )Tj
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(Rate )Tj
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(Dependent )Tj
-0.007 Tc 4.923 0 Td
(Me\255)Tj
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(chanical )Tj
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(Properties )Tj
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(of )Tj
-0.0169 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 406.36 43.44 Tm
(New )Tj
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(Albany )Tj
0.0185 Tc 3.551 0 Td
(Reference )Tj
0.05 Tc 7.9429 0 0 7.9001 489.46 43.44 Tm
(Shale," )Tj
/T1_4 1 Tf
0.0116 Tc 8.2 0 0 8.2 518.48 43.44 Tm
(International )Tj
0.0069 Tc -23.384 -1.2 Td
(Journal )Tj
0.05 Tc 10.1128 0 0 8.2 355.12 33.6 Tm
(of )Tj
8.5113 0 0 8.2 364.62 33.6 Tm
(Rock )Tj
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(Mechanics )Tj
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(and )Tj
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(Mineral )Tj
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(Science, )Tj
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(V. )Tj
-0.008 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 507.55 33.6 Tm
(27, )Tj
0.05 Tc 8.6208 0 0 7.9001 520.6 33.6 Tm
(No.3, )Tj
-0.013 Tc 7.9001 0 0 7.9001 545.01 33.6 Tm
(1990, )Tj
-0.035 Tc 10.5182 0 0 11 547.64 19.68 Tm
(467 )Tj
ET
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